Easy Way to Calculate Cost of Goods Sold

what is the cost of goods sold?

Cost of Goods Sold is the cost of goods produced and sold, including raw material costs, purchase costs. Direct labor, and overhead costs. Do not include periods (operations) costs such as sales, advertising or electricity. Water and development.

the definition of HPP is all costs incurred to obtain goods to be resold.

By calculating the HPP, the Company can decide the price of the item to be sold


Small Illustration:

Ardi bought 1 unit of Cellphone in an online store worth 2,000,000 and was charged shipping rates and an administration fee of 300,000. The cellphone will be resold by Ardi by earning 200,000 profits.


What is the price of the Cellphone that Ardi bought?

and how much Ardi determines the price of the Cellphone that will be sold to get a profit of 200,000?

 If Ardi sells the Cellphone at a price of 2,200,000. Ardi suffered a loss of 100,000

because the price of the actual Handphone bought by Ardi at the Online store is worth 2,300,000


From the Small illustration above, Ardi only calculates the price of the item, without calculating the acquisition price or cost of goods sold.


            The cost of goods sold will be a report on the profit and loss of each operating cost and also the cost of sales. Cost of Goods Sold is usually only experienced by trading companies that have the purpose of trading merchandise. While each sale of merchandise must have a purchase value that has been sold. Several ways on how to calculate HPP, including:

1. Initial Inventory of Merchandise

The initial availability of merchandise available at the beginning of the period or the current accounting year. The balance of the initial inventory of merchandise is in the current account balance or the company's initial balance sheet or the previous year's balance sheet.

2. End Inventory of Merchandise

The final inventory of merchandise becomes a merchandise inventory available at the end of the period or the end of the current financial year. This inventory balance can usually be found in the company adjustment data at the end of the period.

3. Net Purchases

Net purchases are all purchases of merchandise carried out by the company, either purchasing merchandise in cash or purchasing goods on credit, plus the cost of transporting the purchase and deducting the purchase discount and the purchase returns that occur.

How to Calculate Cost of Goods Sold

     in calculating Cost of Goods Sold including transportation costs, purchase returns, purchase discounts, and so forth. If there are no transportation costs, purchase returns, purchase discounts, etc., the Cost of Goods Sold can still be calculated.


Following are the Formulas for calculating Cost of Goods Sold:


HPP = Goods available for sale - End inventory


Information :

    Available for sale items = (Initial Merchandise Inventory + Net purchase.)
    Clean supervision = (Purchase + purchase costs) - (Purchase Returns + Purchase Pieces)

Another way to calculate Cost of Goods Sold:

1. initial merchandise inventory (+)

2. purchase of merchandise (+)

3. purchase load (+)

4. purchase returns and price reductions (-)

5. purchase discount (-)

6. final merchandise inventory (-)


Example of Cost of Goods Sold


UD. JAYA, Surabaya as of December 31, 2017.

* Inventory of merchandise (initial) worth Rp. 25,000,000

* Purchases worth IDR 15,000,000

* Purchase returns worth IDR 3,000,000

* IDR 1,000,000 purchase discount

* Transportation cost of Rp 2,000,000


On December 31, when doing Stock Check, it was known that the remaining inventory of merchandise was worth Rp. 7,000,000


Calculate UDP UD. JAYA:

Merchandise inventory (initial) Rp. 25,000,000 (+)

Purchase IDR 15,000,000 (+)

Purchase return of IDR 3,000,000 (-)

Rp 1,000,000 (-) purchase discount

Transportation fee of Rp 2,000,000 (+)

Merchandise inventory (end) Rp. 7,000,000 (-)


Cost of Goods Sold Rp.31,000,000


With the cost of goods sold, it can be an accurate financial report and can be accounted for.

Differences in Periodic and Perpetual Methods

Periodic Method

           Periodic methods or also called physical methods, if there is an activity to purchase goods for resale, the journal is to debit the purchase account and make cash credit (if paid in cash) and trade debt (if paid for credit).

In the event of a sales activity, the journal is to debit the accounts receivable or cash account and to credit the sales account. To identify the ending inventory, it is necessary to do an inventory or stock taking at the end of the period.


 Perpetual method

           The perpetual method system is known as the book method. This perpetual method has a system that records every inventory that comes out and goes into a notebook. Each type of item is entered into an inventory card system, and in the bookkeeping record using an inventory auxiliary account. Records of details in the helper can be monitored through the control of inventory accounts in goods into large notebooks. The account used for inventory recording activities consists of several columns that can be used to record purchasing activities, sales activities and inventory balances. All changes to inventory are accompanied by recording activities in the inventory account so that inventory balances can be controlled and known at any time by looking at the column on the balance in the inventory account. Each column needs to be broken down again in order to quantity and quality of the income price. The use of the perpetual method will simplify the balance sheet and income statement in the short term. This is because there is no need to procure physical calculations to determine the amount of final inventory. Common features of this perpetual system are:

    On the purchase of goods recorded by compiled in a notebook by debiting the inventory account.
    At cost of goods sold is calculated every time a sales transaction and arranged through a notebook by debiting inventory through a HPP account.
    Inventory in the form of a control account that is equipped with an auxiliary book through inventory containing the composition of records in each type of inventory. The inventory logbook states the quantity and price of income for each type of item contained in the inventory

The most prominent differences between the 2 methods are:

•     In the periodic method there is no trading account inventory account and cost of goods sold.

•     In the Perpetual method there is no Purchase Account and Purchase Return Account,

accounting cycle of a trading company

           The accounting cycle is to make a company's financial statements for a certain period. In general, finance starts from transactions up to making company financial statements followed by financial journals.

Accounting Companies are companies that buy goods from suppliers and sell goods to consumers without changing the form of goods. Examples are shops and supermarkets. The second activity is an effort to buy daily necessities from and resell to consumers.

The accounting cycle of a company is no different from a service company. Both service companies and companies, all transactions must be recorded in journals and then periodically recorded into accounts in ledgers.

General Journal Transaction Identification

identification of transactions that occur in the company and account account. Transaction transactions are sales transactions. As a seller you have handed over official items and have earned money through payment from the buyer. Then we can identify such transactions as online sales transactions.

A special ledger or commonly referred to as a subsidiary ledger.

A ledger is part of a general ledger that aims to further detail data in one account. Recording of certain accounts (account account and debt account) is then used.

Post to ledger

Large book posts are moving data from general journals into ledgers. Apart from general journals, book data information for companies also comes from special journals. In this case it is called a big book post

Report on Cost of Goods Sold

If the company programs a continuous recording, the price automatically determines the price that applies when the transaction, when making a sales journal while recording the cost of goods sold. the calculation of the HPP will be considered as a component of the income statement that will be presented in the financial statements.

Creating a Balance Sheet (Trial Balance)

            The information used to make the balance sheet is derived from the general ledger, which is every final balance in each account. Debit and credit positions must be balanced if they are not balanced, meaning there are errors when recording from the ledger


Adjusting journal entry

            Adjusting journal adjustments is the result of transactions that affect a number of company accounts and sometimes the presence of a new account. Examples of transactions that occur in a trading company are usually store rentals that are due, costs that still have to be paid. Depreciation of company inventory.


After Adjustment Balance Sheet

            The next stage is the adjustment of the trial balance with an adjustment journal that produces a balance sheet after adjusting. Preparing a Financial Report The creation of a financial report is made with the aim of facilitating the search for information about the company's financial position such as the state of assets, debt, and company capital. The information used in the financial statements comes from the balance sheet after adjusting.

Create a Cover Journal

           After the financial report is complete, the next step is to make a closing journal of the accounts contained in the income statement, namely income and cost accounts. Balance Sheet After Closure This stage is an adjustment between the trial balance and the closing journal. Why does it need to be adjusted? ... Because it is to record back accounts that have changed both balance and account.

Reversing Journal

         In certain conditions there is no need to make a reversing journal because the reversing journal is made only for certain accounts. For example, for income transactions received in advance, where at the time of sale is recorded as income or for transactions paid in advance (accounts receivable).

That is the stage of the trading company accounting cycle

Service Company Accounting Cycle

Service Company Accounting Cycle is not much different from trading company accounting, but what distinguishes it is the absence of special journals and inventory auxiliary books, in accounting services firms.

below Example illustration of the accounting cycle of a Service company:

The accounting stage is the procedure for recording transactions so that they become financial statements. This is called the term as an accounting cycle. The accounting cycle can be said in the order of each transaction process event which is then analyzed so that it results in the formation of a financial report.


there are three stages in the accounting cycle:

1. Recording Phase

2. Sumarizing Phase

3. Reporting phase

     RECORDING STAGE

Service company transactions are initial information that must be recorded and processed as a basis for making financial statements. the steps taken in the company's recording stage include:

    Preparing document sources / proof of transactions Proof of transactions comes from checks, notes, invoices, memos, and receipts that are received every time a transaction or event occurs in the company.
    From the source of the transaction, then an analysis is done to the General Journal.
    After the analysis to the General Journal is complete, then it is posted into the ledger.

The process of moving from journal to ledger is called "Posting"

In the ledger, accounts are grouped according to their class. As:

     Balance sheet account or real account: that is the account reported on the balance sheet for a certain period. Balance sheet accounts include: Assets (Assets). Debt, capital and prive (liabilities).
     profit or loss account or Nominal Account: that is the account which is used as the basis for the calculation of the income statement. For example income and expenses.

STAGE OF EXTENSION

After the recording phase above has been completed, the next step is the pengikhtisaran stage. The order of the pengikhtisaran stage is as follows:


    Prepare a trial balance. The balance sheet data comes from the balance of the general ledger. This balance sheet is made as a first step to compile a working sheet (Work Sheet)
    Adjusting entry. Sometimes when a company records it, there are accounts that have not been recorded. This is where the recording is done to find out the real account balance or balance sheet account and profit and loss account actually.
    Working paper or Balance Sheet is a tool to make financial statements of transactions that occur within the company during an accounting period. Because it functions to know the development of the company, the working paper contains all the reports that occur including: Balance of account, AJP, NSD, Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet.
     After completing the working paper, the next step is to make a closing journal. This closing journal is where to cover nominal, prive, and profit-loss accounts so as not to recalculate transactions in the next period.
     The balance sheet after closing, the purpose of which is to determine whether the account in the ledger has been balanced to start activities in a certain period, this step relates to a reversal of a particular adjustment paragraph (Reversing Journal)

    REPORTING STAGE

The last is the reporting phase. This stage is the last in the accounting process. As for what is included in this reporting phase are: Financial Reports.

The final result of the accounting process is the Financial Report.

The financial statements have elements, namely:

     Income statement
     Statement of changes in capital
    Balance sheet

Usually companies know the development and performance of the company seen from their financial statements. The main objective of parties in need of accounting is as a basis for consideration for making economic decisions in a company.


The contents of the financial statements include:


1. Income Statement

The income statement contains all nominal accounts, namely income and expenses. From the calculation between the income and the expense of the account obtained the company's profit or loss. Nominal accounts are usually called temporary accounts.


2. Capital Change Report

The report on changes in capital has elements, namely initial capital, residual profit or loss of the company, prive, and the company's final capital, affecting the position of capital.


3. Balance Sheet

A balance sheet is a report that contains the position of assets, debt, and capital of the company at a certain time. The balance sheet contains real corporate accounts.

Towards reform in the tragedy of the 1998 riots

 Soeharto stepped back and apologized to the people

              Officials began to issue ammunition. Starting from tear gas to bullets. They form a firing formation and begin to bombard the line of students with bullets that pierce their head, throat, and chest.

 JAKARTA, Indonesia - Seventeen years ago the streets of Semanggi were not all crowded today, May 12, 2015, but filled with students holding banners and apparatus in full uniform.In front of the Trisakti University Campus, they shout "Reform!" They demanded Suharto, the ruler of the State Palace for 32 years to resign.And "Dor!" The rifle of the apparatus made the students crumple. Some are falling to asphalt, some are running racing.But the authorities continued to shoot from outside the campus. Tear gas also fired to meet Trisakti campus.The shooting incident then became known as Trisakti Tragedy. It was only the beginning of a bigger and wider unrest, not only the capital, but also in other provinces.This is what happened in the days that changed the future of Indonesia:May 2ndThe riots did not start in Jakarta, but in Medan, North Sumatra. At that time, there was a demonstration of students at some point in Medan City. Demonstrations that led to the clash continued until May 8. Not only students, other masses were also involved in this demonstration. They burned and shouted negative sentiments against the police. The situation can not be controlled.May 12thAfter some riots in the area, the capital began to heat up. Students gather and begin to close the line. They held a peaceful action in the front parking lot of Building M (Sharif Thayeb Building) at Trisakti University Campus. Then they held a free forum just above the overpass. It is estimated that about 6000 people attended.In the middle of the day, the crowd began to heat up, as a number of security forces began to arrive at the pulpit. The action was continued with a long march to the road, they headed to the People's Consultative Assembly building. But peaceful action was blocked by the authorities. They then demonstrated in the West Jakarta Mayor's Building. After being repeatedly blocked by the apparatus, the students returned to the campus and continued the oration there.But an unidentified person managed to provoke a student who was holding a peaceful action. He issued dirty words that made students angry. The person was not identified, but he ran towards the apparatus. Clash between students and officials was inevitable.

 Officials began to issue ammunition. Starting from tear gas to bullets. The apparatus formed a firing formation and began bombarding the line of students with bullets piercing through their heads, throats, and chests.Students who died on the spot were Elang Mulia Lesmana, Heri Hertanto, Hafidin Royan, and Hendriawan Sie.May 13thThe incident of the death of 4 Trisakti college students has provoked a wider reaction from the previous Medan incident. The situation is increasingly precarious because of the widespread unrest.Meanwhile, there was looting in Jakarta. The mobs burned homes and shops that were mostly owned by ethnic Chinese. Foreign media reported rape of Chinese girls. This story is never revealed clearly because the victim is silent to this day.Unverified data from AsiaWeek said at least 1,188 people were killed, about 468 women raped, 40 malls and 2,470 shops sold out by fire, and not less than 1,119 cars burned or damaged.The situation is increasingly unclear because a number of ABRI leaders (now TNI) were not in Jakarta when the riots occurred. They gathered in Malang to attend the transfer ceremony of the Rapid Reaction Fast Counter (PPRC) from Division I to Second Division Kostrad.The event was attended by ABRI Commander at the time, General Wiranto, KSAD General Subagyo HS, Commander of Lt. Gen. Prabowo Subianto, Danjen Kopassus Muchdi PR and several other military officers.Due to the vacancy in Jakarta, the question arises in the community, where the military security apparatus in the time of the riots?May 14th

 On May 14, 1998 this is the name Prabowo came to the surface. He was then called the party who designed the riot. He was reported to hold a secret meeting at the headquarters of the Kostrad

Based on a report from the Joint Fact Finding Team (TGPF), a secret meeting in Makostrad occurred after the day's maghrib was attended by Adnan Buyung Nasution, Setiawan Djodi, Rendra, and Bambang Widjojanto. Prabowo is said to convey information about the latest situation. But the meeting was denied by Prabowo himself.At 7:30, Wiranto appeared on the television screen and said that the security forces had managed to control the situation. But in the field, people do not see the security forces on the streets.Conditions increasingly uncertain. Thousands of foreigners began to leave Jakarta smoldering and brutalized.May 15-19Jakarta is still tense. At 4.40 on May 15, Suharto arrived from a series of visits to Cairo, Egypt, and landed on the military base of Halim Perdana Kusuma. He was escorted by 100 armed vehicles to his residence on Jalan Cendana. Soeharto immediately heard the mass action plan of a million people to be held on 20 May.Wiranto as the supreme commander of ABRI expressed his full support for Suharto. Wiranto advised Suharto to form a new cabinet and implement reforms.Meanwhile, the student's determination is increasingly unanimous. Suharto had to retreat. They not only planned the action of a million mobs, but also the occupation of the MPR building.

On May 19th, at 11 o'clock, Soeharto appeared on national television. He said the government would soon hold elections. He also promised not to run for president again.

Vice President Habibie called Soeharto. Habibie said he was worried about Suharto's career. Soeharto will be finished. Soeharto replied to Habibie that he would carry out the election as planned.

May 20th

Jakarta National Monument area is full of tanks. Hundreds of troops armed with long-barreled rifles and light tanks and artillery personnel patrolled the capital. The Palace is heavily guarded. Demonstration of a million people was canceled.

That afternoon, Wiranto gave suggestions and options to Soeharto. First, he still wanted to serve as ABRI commander, Habibie had to commit to reform, and Prabowo had to be replaced.

May 21st

At 9am on a national television broadcast, Soeharto announced that he was stepping down. He apologized to the people for all his faults and shortcomings. Habibie succeeded him as president of RI

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Riots & rape in central java solo 1998

              Women's commission said that human rights violations in Indonesia tend to never be recognized, even hidden

SOW FLOWERS. Human rights activists from Solo and Komnas women visited the tombs in TPU Purwoloyo.

 SOLO, Indonesia - Tri Wahyuni ​​still remember the mass funeral event at TPU Purwoloyo, Solo one afternoon in May 1998. There are 23 bodies in plastic wrapped conditions that come trucked by police and buried together in one location."The bodies (inserted) in plastics, thrown in here," said Tri, one of the residents who live around the tomb and was in charge of cleaning the grave.Although located on the side of the road that divides the tomb complex, mass graves were barely visible due to overgrown shrubs. There were no tombstones on it.After the weeds are cleared, only a plot of 2X10 square meters of flat land surrounded by bricks and cement is 30 centimeters tall. It is said that the local people who gave the marker so that the grave can be recognized if a time anyone came to visit him.Underneath it lies the unnamed bodies of victims of the May 1998 riots in the city of Solo that occurred one week before the fall of Suharto. But no one can be sure who they are and die for what.Purwoloyo, one of the silent witnesses who keep the bodies of the tumbal reformers. In the complex, also buried an activist Leonardus Nugroho Iskandar alias Gilang. He was found dead with a bullet wound to his chest in Magetan, East Java, a few days since disappearing on May 22, 1998.Meanwhile, in Solo, the tragedy of May 1998 was almost silent in history. Although the city was once destroyed by a two-day riots targeting ethnic Chinese.Unlike Jakarta which has started to open the dark history and memabadikannya through memorial park in Pondok Rangon, until now there has been no recognition of the state (Solo City Government) for the truth of the events that took the lives of it. As if the tragedy had never happened.

Human rights abuses have never been recognizedThe riots of Jakarta and Solo had the same pattern, provoked by a group of unknown people, well-built, short-haired, yelling and starting to burn at the intersection. They then spread to the ethnic Chinese shops, pelted and invited to loot. Then, they disappeared.Surprisingly, Solo, a small town surrounded by military headquarters - Kopassus and Kostrad - was easily ignited by unrestrained unrest.The National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komnas Perempuan) formed by former President Habibie after the May 1998 tragedy, is now re-examining the case that occurred 18 years ago. They considered there was a systematic indication of human rights violations.Together with a number of activists in Solo, they went to a mass grave and met with witnesses to listen to their stories, including looking for local media documentation that recorded the event."This will be a step to reveal the truth and recognition from local and state governments that there has been an event of 98," Komnas Perempuan Commissioner Mariana Amiruddin told Rappler.He said human rights violations in this country tend to never be recognized and even hidden, including the 1965 and 1998 cases. Should, said Mariana, every violent occurrence, the state takes seriously, seeks perpetrators and recovers victims."This is a big statement for human rights workers like us. Why are people dead like that really forgotten and silenced? "Asked Mariana.Komnas Perempuan, assisted by activists from Jejer Wadon and Satunama, has encouraged the city government to build memorial parks as a reminder that similar tragedies will not happen in the future. However, the plan was stalled by the Mayor's efforts to request the victim's data to be included in the monument."We have requested data to activist friends. But, until now no. If you want to make a monument, the data must be accurate, can not make up, "said the Mayor of Solo, FX Hadi Rudyatmo

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 Mayor's wish had made a number of activists in Solo growled. Because, they consider that searching for victims of violence and record is the responsibility of the state organizers. Up to now, the issue of how and where the death toll in the May 98 riots in Solo has never been seriously revealed.The number of victims is likelyAccording to the testimony of several people who saw the victim fall, the number of 23 victims in TPU Purwoloyo is too small. One of the witnesses whose house is not far from Tomb of Purwoloyo, Sipon, tells of the addition of 23 bodies in mass graves, many are still buried in the back of the plot. But not marked."I do not know how many. But, clearly more than 23 people, "said Sipon.Purwoloyo is one of the great tombs in Solo which is also used to bury unnamed bodies, such as accident without identity. Thus, there are many graves found with Mr. Tana. X or Ms. X.Wiji Thukul's wife, the missing poet ahead of the reforms, also said there was a transfer of the corpse that was also the victim of May 1998 from Bonoloyo Tomb to Purwoloyo. However, no one knows exactly where the location is.


Action of rape

 This case is the most difficult to trace because it does not leave a trace like a mass grave. Unlike in Jakarta, where victims' families reported the case - which recorded about 80 cases of sexual assault and mass rape - in Solo, these events existed between none and none. The families of May 98 victims in Solo tend to be closed.One survivor who is also ethnic Chinese, Cecilia Maria Purnadi alias Oeke, did not witness the case of mass rapes in one of the centers of riots in Legi Market. The fifth generation of Ganep bakery owners in Solo who were burned by the mob only knew many of the victims died in a fire at the Statue of the Queen of Luwes.Another witness, Reverend Mungki, who co-ordinated victims of the May 98 riots, said at least 40 people from his Chinese ethnic congregation were subjected to riots and suffered material losses. But none of them claimed to be raped."There is indeed a young family in Pucangsawit, his house raided by mobs, both of whom escaped to climb the back wall. The wife was arrested, held her leg, but managed to rescue local residents, "said Mungki.Meanwhile, according to Sumartono Hadinoto, one of the survivors of the May 98 riots, he heard the confessions of several Chinese families who were victims of rape, but by this time they had moved out of town since the incident.Nevertheless, Komnas Perempuan will continue to search for other witnesses to expose the alleged sexual assault and rape in Solo. They realize it is not easy to convince a government that continues to deny the events of May 98, if without evidence."It's a challenge for us to conduct research, interviewing people, witnessing events, and survivors. We want to show that this event exists. If later denied again, yes too much, "said Mariana
 

Route of tragedy of riot 1998 in jakarta

             This 1998 riot happened because President Soeharto stepped down

              One of the points of unrest and violence, the Glodok region is the worst because it is a Chinese trading hub.

Jakarta gripped for three days, May 13-15, 1998. Riot broke out, clashing students and officials inevitably. The victim fell.There are several points in the capital that are believed to be the center of the crowd 18 years ago.According to the findings of the Joint Fact Finding Team (TGPF) formed by Suharto's successor, President BJ Habibie at that time, the initial riot point was in West Jakarta, precisely at Trisakti University on May 13, 1998, when the officers fired bullets and killed four students.The next day looting and destruction of Glodok shopping center in West Jakarta.According to the findings of the Joint Fact Finding Team (TGPF) formed by Suharto's successor, President BJ Habibie at that time, the initial riot point was in West Jakarta, precisely at Trisakti University on May 13, 1998, when the officers fired bullets and killed four students.In the settlement of Chinese citizens, in addition to looting also rape of women.Check out the map below to find out the important locations during the May 1998 riots ago:

University of Indonesia SalembaUI campus in Salemba is one of the starting point of student movement of protesters in Jakarta. From here, the students then move to the DPR / MPR RI building in Senayan.Monuments and Trisakti MusemAt this location, 4 Trisakti University students were shot dead. They were Elang Mulia Lesmana (1978-1998), Heri Hertanto (1977-1998), Hafidin Royan (1976-1998), and Hendriawan Sie (1975-1998).All four were shot dead inside the campus, hit by sharp bullets in vital places such as head, throat, and chest.Initially, they were about to take a peaceful action from the Trisakti campus to the DPR / MPR Building. Their journey was blocked by police and military blockade. Some students try to negotiate.In the afternoon, the students have moved backwards. However, the apparatus even pushed forward and even started firing bullets into the crowd of students. The rows are shattered. Most returned to the campus building for cover. While the bullet rains are still going on.At night, only four people were killed. Although officials denied using live ammunition while firing, the autopsy result showed the four were killed by sharp bullets.DPR / MPR BuildingThe ultimate goal as well as the peak of the movement that ultimately deposed Suharto. By the time the 32-year-old president resigns, only this place is occupied by students. The rest is full of officials. Especially at the State Palace, which is also complete with combat vehicles.Students themselves occupied the shaped like a turtle building since May 18, 1998. At that time, the issue circulated when the authorities will menggeruduk, but it turns out the students remain safe to live there.Finally, on May 21, 1998, when Suharto resigned, the building shook with cheers and the applause of thousands of students.

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 GlodokOne of the points of unrest and violence, the Glodok area is the worst because it is a Chinese trading hub. The destroyed buildings include Glodok Plaza, Pasar Jaya, and City Hall. Crowds gathered a lot and kept throwing whatever things they could find.The apparatus tried to disperse the masses with warning shots but none. Until the shots are directed to the crowd then they are nervous.Pondok RangonMass graves of victims of May 1998. Here also built memorial May '98 so that the people of Indonesia do not forget this bloody story.Although there are only 113 tombs, but the number of bodies buried could be more than that. Because, in a coffin there are several bodies of victims who were buried together.Volunteer Team for Humanity reported the casualty of this incident reached 1,217 souls, while there were 91 other injuries and 31 still missing.Office of Komnas WomenThis institute serves to investigate cases of sexual violence in women during the tragedy of May 1998. In the period of unrest due to the monetary crisis, a mob staging looting and violence. The Chinese descendants were subjected to their fury.The man is murdered, while the woman is raped. Not infrequently who also lost his life.Most survivors choose to flee Indonesia and live in trauma. Few dare to open their mouths to reveal the sad story and its horrible memories.However, the state still does not want to recognize this act of rape. The perpetrators were never tried. 

Story Of Mass Rape 1998 in Indonesia

A tragedy in denial

       The May 1998 rape was not an ordinary rape story. Because the May 1998 rape was a form of political terror using the body and sexuality of Chinese women

On May 13, 1998 afternoon, Ita F Nadia just arrived at the headquarters of Kalyanamitra, Jalan kaca Jendela, Pancoran, South Jakarta.

Shortly after arriving, precisely at 19:00 pm, the office phone where he worked was ringing. When lifted, a familiar voice greeted him.

Ita's brother, there is a rape report, "said a man on the other end of the line. The man is Sandyawan Sumardi, or who is familiarly called Romo Sandy.

Sandy asks Ita to slide to the scene of the case in Glodok, West Jakarta, but Ita can not depart. As a replacement. He commissioned a member of the Kalyanamitra volunteer team, a communication and information center for women, to set out to meet Sandy on site.

When Kalyanamitra's staff was still on the way to the scene, Ita got another phone call. This time from different people. But the story is the same: there was rape. This time, its location is in Jembatan Dua and Jembatan Tiga area in North Jakarta, and Jembatan Lima, West Jakarta.

Ita decided to head to that location. On the way, Ita saw Jakarta was ravaged, arson and looting by groups of "unknown thugs" occurred not only in government offices, but also shops and shopping centers.

That night, he realized, the peak of unrest in the capital had begun.

"We were already panicking," Ita told Rappler on Wednesday, May 18, 2016, a dozen years after the incident. The panic he felt for three days, ie 12-14 May.

The pattern of rape that occurred at that time was almost the same. Victims were not only raped, but also attacked with hard objects, both sharp and dull.

Kalyanamitra volunteers also received reports of rape in Cengkareng Mall. The Kalyanamitra team received information that women there were not only raped but also sexually assaulted.

"Chinese mothers are attacked. So this is not about girls, but the problem is Chinese women, "said Ita.
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 Lexy Rambadeta, the journalist who was then taking pictures for the Associated Press TV news agency, also heard news of a mob of men coming to an apartment in Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK).

"They went downstairs, got rid of security, and the Chinese people were panicked," Lexy said.
Security officials briefed the ethnic Chinese living in the area. "Sorry, we can not help, we are outnumbered," he mimicked the words of a security guard.

The violent masses then combed the apartment floor to floor, raping and molesting every Chinese ethnic woman they met.

He also saw mobs intercept the Chinese in the streets. If there are women among them, immediately carried off. "Until the shirt is torn, there's a tape on the Australian ABC station," he said.

In the midst of the rape of the majority of Chinese women victims, Kalyanamitra and Sandy eventually established the Volunteer Team for Humanity for Violence Against Women (TRKP).

Ita himself was appointed as the coordinator, and the headquarters of Kalyanamitra became a gathering place.

Shortly after the formation of TRKP, the volunteer team immediately opened the reporting hotline. They announced three hotline numbers to the public at a press conference.

In addition, the TRKP team also announced the opening of vacancies to volunteer.

"Housewives, students, employees, flocked to volunteer. We then made a kind of shift that guarded the phone for 24 hours. Because reception of telephone reporting should not stop, "said Ita.

In addition, teams also share assignments. There are investigations to the field, documentation, counseling, and assessment.

"After the reporting opened, the phone kept ringing," he said.


Pick up the rape victim          

After the reporting opened, it is now the volunteer team's job to collect the rape victims. The team picked up one by one rape victims at the scene.One of the two victims was the female students of the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Economics of Trisakti University. "When I came in a house, near the church, there was already a pastor and two female students who suffered injuries to the breast," Ita said.One of the victims said there was a Toyota Kijang passing by, then he was forcibly taken. He saw in the car there was a crew cut man. "She was not kissed, but her breasts were directly injured," Ita said.That night, Ita said, the team took the two girls to Soekarno-Hatta Airport to be flown to Singapore. Luckily, though both have no tickets and visas, there are private airlines who are willing to accommodate them.In addition, the team also picked up a rape victim who was rescued by the son of a religious leader. They called him Pak Haji."There is Pak Haji who helps Chinese women, he protects the woman in his home," said Ita.The most memorable Ita is when dealing with victims in Tangerang. The victim was a Chinese family consisting of his mother and two children. The first child is 18 years old and the second is 11 years old. All three are victims of rape.All three eventually died. "Her mother died on May 17, her brother died on May 19, and the youngest died on May 21," Ita said.Ita had waited for the most distended victims due to heavy bleeding. "He then died in my arms," ​​he said quietly for a moment.Ita continued, in this pickup, the team coordinates with religious communities, such as Buddhism, Catholicism, Christianity, and Confucianism.The goal is to provide temporary shelters for victims."But before we will ask, where they are comfortable, because this is a political problem, then the number one we think is security first," he said.Number two, says Ita, is the handling of rape victims. While number three, recovery.In the pick-up, the team always insisted that the victim should not be at home, because of the high risk to his security and his family."Since there was one case in Kemayoran, he did not want us to bring, what happened? He was murdered, "he said


Arrange data of rape victims for UN and President Habibie

After the disaster, the team immediately arrange data related to rape and sexual assault that majority experienced by Chinese women. It turned out that the victims not only spread in Jakarta, but also in Medan and Surabaya.Of the three cities, the team recorded more than 150 women as victims of rape accompanied by torture, sexual assault and sexual harassment. Victim data will be submitted to the Joint Fact Finding Team (TGPF) established by President BJ Habibie.Ita and the team of volunteers did not stop just storing the data, they took it to two parties that are expected to lift the case. First, report to the United Nations (UN). And second, submit the data to President Habibie.Attempts to bring the case to the United Nations began on 27 May after the New Order ruler Soeharto fell. Ita flies to Colombo, Sri Lanka, to meet the special rapporteur of women violence, Radhika Coomaraswary.The meeting was fruitful. The Indonesian team was asked to find an organization in Asia that could facilitate the report. Finally selected Asia Pacific Women Law and Development based in Bangkok, Thailand."There I brought all the documents about the May 1998 rape, including the names of the victims and how it was rape," Ita said.Radhika then made a report to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights based in Geneva, Switzerland. "The report was accepted as a crime against humanity, and became a kind of special attention from the UN High Commission," Ita said.Not only the rape cases of May 1998, but also the same cases in Aceh and Timor Leste.The UN then ordered Radhika to conduct an investigation in Indonesia. In September-October 1998, Radhika came to Indonesia and conducted an investigation.Meanwhile, the team in Indonesia along with another volunteer team member, Saparinah Sadli, attempted to meet President Habibie on July 15, 1998.Initially, Saparinah was first contacted by the protocol of the State Palace. He also invited all volunteer teams to meet Habibie at 14:00 noon.During the meeting, Habibie insisted the country could not apologize for the incident that happened to Chinese women at that time.Habibie's statement was then recorded in the Komnas Perempuan publication related to the May 1998 rape case entitled Undeniably.  

Presidential dialogue lasted for two hours. The volunteer group determined that the state should investigate the case.

Until finally Habibie's attitude changed. Precisely, after Habibie recalls that his brother had revealed the same incident. "Yes, I remember, one of my brothers told me the same thing. He will not lie to me, "Habibie said.

After the conversation, Habibie immediately changed the decision, to make General Sintong Panjaitan who accompanied him surprised.

"Sir, does this need not be discussed in the meeting first?" Sintong protested.

Habibie replied, "Can I have my own opinion? I happen to agree with the mothers of this public figure, "he said.

At that time, Habibie asked one of the team members to type a state apology draft which also listed recommendations for the formation of TGPF and the National Anti-Women Commission

                     A team of volunteers joined the TGPF Team. The team members consist of various elements, including the police and the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM).Ita and Saparinah belong to the team. But on the way, Ita decided to resign."Because of that time, Da'i Bachtiar from the police force forced him to meet the victim. He asked where the victim was and asked me to show the victim, "Ita Ita.In fact, the team has agreed not to meet victims. "But Pak Da'i Bachtiar and some police officers insist, if there are no victims, then there is no rape according to them," he said.The TGPF then produced a conclusion without Ita's presence."It can not be ascertained that the sexual violence that occurred was a planned activity or simply the excesses of the riots. No facts were found on the existence of religious aspects in cases of sexual violence. It is also concluded that all rape cases found or reported can be processed legally and promptly, "read the conclusions in the TGPF document.After that, the volunteer team got a counterattack from a government official. The team of volunteers is said to have embarrassed their own country in the eyes of the international. They were urged to revoke the report at the United Nations.The attack was also received by the team from the Minister of Women Empowerment and Child Protection Tuty Alawiyah. Tuty had accused Ita of lying about rape.  


                                  Grief for Ita Martadinata

  A few months later, in October 1998, a team of volunteers was struck again by the killing of the only witness to the UN who was also the victim of the May 1998 rape, Ita Martadinata.Ita was then asked to become a witness by the United Nations. Wiwin Haryono, Ita Martadinata's mother, allowed her 18-year-old daughter to go to the United States to testify. Mass media at that time did not escape to preach this news.A week before departing, Ita Martadinata, who is still in the 2nd grade of Senior High School (SMA) undergoing activities as usual. After school, he went home.When Ita Martadinata came home, the young girl went up to the second floor to her room.Apparently in the room was waiting for a man who then attacked him with sharp objects. Ita Martadinata died instantly. His body was found face down.His body was immediately taken to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. After the divisum, the hospital doctor, Mun'im Idris, instead of uncovering the findings about the wound suffered by Ita, but instead issued a statement that the witness to the UN was suffering from sexual disorders.The results of this autopsy make the team of volunteers growled. The team sued the autopsy to court.

           Buried with bitter memories of the victims

 After the death of Ita Martadinata, no more witnesses and victims were able to provide information at the UN. Reports at the UN also can not continue, because the state refuses to admit.Yet the volunteer team is not broken. They continue to fight for victims until 2007.But the voices of justice for the victims began to quiet. The victim finally chose to mute and find their own version of the settlement.A victim, Siska (not her real name), who was flown to Singapore gradually recovered. After he was healthy again, he told his escort, not wanting to return to Indonesia. He is still traumatized.But he sent a message about the events that happened to him and hundreds of other Chinese women."Until now I can not believe it. Why just because of the change of president, there are a handful of people who have the heart to rape Chinese and burn Chinese homes? Why would anyone naked and raped a woman like a beast? Though Chinese, I am Indonesian! Makco and my great-grandfather were born in Indonesia! "Said Siska."My skin is white, my eyes are slanted. Is that why I should be treated differently? "He said again.Currently, he continues to struggle to forget the unfortunate events that happened to him in May 1988 ago. He claims he does not want to hate anyone.In the meantime, Ita F Nadia gave a note regarding this rape case. He said the rape of Chinese women was not an ordinary rape. He believes this rape is done by a group of people who are trained.Rape is also not an ordinary story. Because the May 1998 rape was a form of political terror using the body and sexuality of Chinese women.

               This report was prepared with material from the Joint Fact Finding Team (TGPF) report and Komnas Perempuan publication related to the May 1998 rape case entitled "Undeniable".